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A piston accumulator is a device used specifically for storage of liquid under pressure. As liquids, for all practical purposes, are incompressible, this objective is achieved by utilizing the compressibility of gases. A floating piston is fitted into the accumulator tube. An inert gas - nitrogen- is filled into the gas side through a pressure valve to a pressure P . The piston moves to the 0 bottom end, filling the entire volume V of the accumulator. 0 When the system pressure P is higher than the gas 1 precharge pressure P , the liquid enters the accumulator 0 and the piston is moved towards the gas side compressing and reducing the gas volume to V .1 Should the liquid pressure rise to P , the volume of gas 2 reduces to V with an attendant rise in pressure, thus 2 balancing the Liquid pressure. A potential energy is now stored in the accumulator to be utilized whenever needed.
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Fluids are practically incompressible and cannot therefore store pressure energy. The compressibility of a gas (nitrogen) is utilised in hydraulic accumulators for storing fluids. HYDAC piston accumulators are based on this principle. A piston accumulator consists of a fluid section and a gas section with the piston acting as a gas-proof separation element.The gas section is pre-charged with nitrogen. The fluid section is connected to the hydraulic circuit so that the piston
accumulator draws in fluid when the pressure increases and the gas is compressed. When the pressure drops, the compressed gas expands and forces the stored fluid into the circuit.